{ "source": "Cooked Index — occupational AI risk register", "page": "https://cookedindex.com/jobs/glaziers/", "methodology": "https://cookedindex.com/methodology", "notice": "Verdicts are re-examined as evidence accumulates. Re-fetch before relying on this; the page above always carries the current score.", "scored_at": "2026-08-11", "model": "claude-opus-5", "occupation": { "title": "Glaziers", "soc_code": "47-2121", "category": "Construction", "us_employment": 58480, "median_annual_wage": 57080 }, "verdict": "EXPOSED", "risk_resistance": 65, "contested": false, "near_boundary": false, "dimensions": { "task_resistance": 16, "embodiment": 20, "liability_shield": 7, "trust_premium": 10, "judgment_accountability": 12 }, "reasoning": { "task_resistance": "Field-measuring a masonry opening that's 3/8\" out of square, setting glazing tape and shims, wet-sealing with silicone tooled by hand, and hanging curtain wall anchors off embed plates are all tactile, one-off judgments — only the takeoff, cut-optimization and shop-order layer detaches cleanly to software, which is why this sits at 16 and not a full 18-20.", "embodiment": "You work on swing stages, boom lifts and scaffold in wind and rain, carrying laminated units with suction cups up unfinished floors with no permanent guardrails — there is no controlled cell version of setting a 400-pound IGU into a punched opening, so this is the ceiling of the scale.", "liability_shield": "No state licenses glaziers as individuals; you may hold an OSHA 30, a scaffold or aerial-lift card, and in some markets a union journeyman ticket, but the contractor's license, the architect's seal on the glazing spec and the manufacturer's warranty absorb the legal exposure when a unit fails — hence 7 rather than the 11+ an electrician gets.", "trust_premium": "Repeat storefront and property-manager accounts call the glazier they know for a smashed door light at 6 a.m., and GCs rehire crews who don't break units or blow the punch list, but the buyer is choosing a company on price and lead time far more often than a named individual — that mix lands mid-scale, not at relationship-is-the-product.", "judgment_accountability": "You decide whether a racked opening gets shimmed or sent back to the framer, whether a leak is a failed setting block or a bad head flashing detail, and whether a lift is safe to fly a unit in that wind — real calls with real money and real fall exposure, but bounded by the shop drawings, ASTM/AAMA install specs and the super's direction above you." }, "rationale": "Glaziers cut, handle, and set heavy plate glass, curtain wall units, storefront framing, and skylights on scaffolds, lifts, and half-finished buildings — none of which robotics handles at cost today, and glass is unforgiving of error. AI can eat the desk-side layer: takeoffs from drawings, cut optimization, quoting, and material scheduling. What it cannot do is field-measure an out-of-square opening, shim and set a 400-pound insulated unit, or diagnose a leaking curtain wall joint on the 14th floor.", "outlook": "Demand holds through the 2030s on energy-code retrofits and commercial reglazing; AI reshapes estimating and shop planning while the install crew stays human.", "what_would_raise_it": { "levers": [ { "dimension": "liability_shield", "change": "Spec-mandated certification becoming a condition of bidding: AGMT (Architectural Glass and Metal Technician) certification via NGA/FCA already appears in some public curtain-wall specs, and if a state or large owner (e.g., a state DOT/GSA-style facade spec, or NYC DOB requiring a certified installer signature on curtain-wall special inspection reports under the Local Law 11/FISP regime) makes a named certified installer personally attest to weatherproofing and anchorage, the shield rises materially.", "plausibility": "plausible", "would_add": 5 }, { "dimension": "liability_shield", "change": "Safety-glazing and blast/hurricane-impact compliance sign-off: Florida HVHZ and Miami-Dade NOA product approvals already require installation per NOA; if code officials extend the required installer affidavit (already common for impact-window retrofits in FL permitting) to all glazed openings statewide, an individual installer's name attaches to each permit.", "plausibility": "already happening", "would_add": 3 }, { "dimension": "judgment_accountability", "change": "Growth of forensic facade work driven by mandatory periodic facade inspection ordinances (NYC FISP, Chicago, Boston, San Francisco, Philadelphia post-2022): the glazier who diagnoses which joint, gasket, or anchor is the water path and calls the repair scope owns a consequential ambiguous call with litigation attached.", "plausibility": "already happening", "would_add": 4 }, { "dimension": "task_resistance", "change": "Task-mix shift: this trade genuinely has two tiers, and if AI takeoff/cut-optimization/quoting tools (Paradigm, FeneVision, Bidtracer-style estimating) absorb the desk layer, the residual job is field measurement of out-of-square openings, shimming, and leak diagnosis — the fraction of the day AI cannot touch goes up even with no capability change in the field.", "plausibility": "already happening", "would_add": 2 }, { "dimension": "trust_premium", "change": "Landmark and historic restoration glazing — hand-set putty glazing, restoration of leaded and rolled cylinder glass under Secretary of the Interior Standards / SHPO review — where the buyer is explicitly paying for named human craft. Real but a small share of the occupation.", "plausibility": "plausible", "would_add": 2 } ], "ceiling_note": "Embodiment is already maxed at 20 and cannot rise. Most of the realistic headroom is liability and forensic-judgment framing; the bulk of glaziers do repetitive commercial storefront and residential replacement work where no trust premium is plausible, so the occupation's practical ceiling is roughly the high 70s." }, "adjudication": { "method": "mean of two independent runs; verdict robust to rounding", "outcome": "rescored", "run_totals": [ 67, 62 ], "run_verdicts": [ "SAFE", "EXPOSED" ] }, "employment_history": { "points": [ { "y": 2017, "emp": 47330, "wage": 42580 }, { "y": 2018, "emp": 50940, "wage": 43550 }, { "y": 2019, "emp": 52400, "wage": 44630 }, { "y": 2020, "emp": 52190, "wage": 46080 }, { "y": 2021, "emp": 52700, "wage": 47180 }, { "y": 2022, "emp": 51630, "wage": 48720 }, { "y": 2023, "emp": 53390, "wage": 51100 }, { "y": 2024, "emp": 57000, "wage": 55440 }, { "y": 2025, "emp": 58480, "wage": 57080 } ], "from": 2017, "to": 2025, "change_pct": 23.6, "comparable_from": 2019, "spans_soc_revision": true }, "pivots": [ { "slug": "plumbers-pipefitters-and-steamfitters", "title": "Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters", "verdict": "SAFE", "risk_resistance": 86, "median_wage": 63800, "overlap": 61, "skills_to_close": [ "Installation", "Repairing", "Troubleshooting", "Equipment Maintenance" ] }, { "slug": "electricians", "title": "Electricians", "verdict": "SAFE", "risk_resistance": 80, "median_wage": 63190, "overlap": 54, "skills_to_close": [ "Troubleshooting", "Repairing", "Equipment Maintenance", "Active Learning" ] } ], "license": "https://cookedindex.com/terms" }