COOKED
This BLS title is the implementation tier: writing code from specifications someone else wrote, debugging, updating and maintaining existing programs, and converting designs into working logic — the exact work LLMs now do at usable quality and speed. Unlike software developers (15-1252), programmers are defined by translating requirements rather than owning architecture, requirements negotiation, or production accountability, so the surviving judgment tier is thin and mostly sits in the next job title up. BLS already projects this occupation shrinking, and employment has been sliding for a decade before AI arrived.
Part 2020 shock, part continued decline in the years since.
Median pay $86,550 → $100,390 -7.2% in real terms
This line is counted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics — the one figure on this page that isn't a judgement of ours. Headcount moves on demand, offshoring, demographics and the business cycle, and automation is one term among several, often not the loudest.
So a falling line is not evidence that AI did it, and a rising one is not evidence that it won't. Both happen in this register: some occupations resist automation and shrink anyway, others are highly automatable and keep growing. The marked year is 2020.
BLS projection, 2024–2034
-6%
Percentage only. The projection counts a different population from the 92,230 above — it includes self-employed workers, which for this occupation is most of them, so the two headcounts are not comparable.
Exposed, and shrinking
Both signals point the same way: the tasks are largely automatable and the BLS projects -6% by 2034. This is the case where the score and the forecast agree, and it is the one worth taking seriously.
Different clocks. The score is what current AI could do to this work today. The projection is how many of these jobs will exist in 2034. Everything between the two — how fast employers actually adopt, whether demand grows in the meantime — is why they can point opposite ways without either being wrong.
~5,500 openings a year on average, including replacing people who leave.
EngineerProgrammerBeta TesterCloud EngineerJava ArchitectJava DeveloperWeb Programmer.NET ProgrammerGame ProgrammerJava ProgrammerMalware AnalystProgram AnalystGraphic EngineerWhite Hat HackerBug Bounty HunterDeveloper AnalystSystem ProgrammerAnalyst ProgrammerProgrammer AnalystWebsite ProgrammerBusiness ProgrammerComputer ProgrammerDatabase ProgrammerInternet Programmer
Holding it up: judgment & accountability . Weakest point: liability shield .
Core tasks are already automatable Writing code to a spec, tracing a null-pointer exception through a stack trace, porting a COBOL batch job or updating a maintenance ticket are precisely the tasks a model completes in one prompt cycle, which is why this sits at 6 rather than mid-band — the residual 6 points cover legacy systems with no documentation and undocumented in-house build chains a model cannot see.
Fully desk- and screen-based The job is a keyboard, a monitor and a repo; the 2 points reflect occasional deployment to on-prem hardware or hooking a debugger to physical test equipment in embedded work, not any routine requirement to leave the desk.
No licence, no signature requirement There is no state licence, no PE stamp, no bar admission and no statutory sign-off for shipping code; when a defect causes loss it lands on the employer's contract and E&O policy, and 1 point is only for the narrow safety-critical niches where DO-178C or IEC 62304 name a qualified person.
Meaningful discretion Choosing a data structure, deciding whether a bug is a real defect or an unclear requirement, and judging a fix's blast radius are real calls, but they are made inside boundaries someone else drew — architecture, schema and release approval sit with developers, architects and change boards, which is what keeps this at 9 instead of the mid-teens.
The verdict above describes this occupation as a whole. Almost nobody does the typical version of a job — tick what's actually in your week and see how your own mix sits.
Your task mix speaks to task resistance (6/20 here) — how much of the day's work current AI already does. That is the dimension the boxes above are about.
It cannot move the other three. Liability shield (1/20) is whether the law requires a licensed human to sign. Trust premium (6/20) is whether buyers specifically pay for a person. Judgment and accountability (9/20) is whether the role exists to own consequential calls. Those are facts about the occupation's standing, not about which tasks are in your week — a paralegal who does only trial exhibits still holds no licence. Together they are 16 of this occupation's 24 points (67%).
Embodiment (2/20) is also a property of the work rather than the worker, but we don't tag individual tasks as physical or not, so the picker can't tell you anything about it. That's a limit of this tool, not a claim.
Did we get the list right? Tell us what's missing — the tasks are written from the outside, and you're reading this from the inside.
Database Architects EXPOSED
Computer Occupations, All Other EXPOSED
Software Developers EXPOSED
The moves above are yours to make. This is the other half: what would have to change in the world for the occupation itself to score higher. None of it is in any one person's gift, but it is where the floor actually comes from. Scores here are not a one-way ratchet. Only two of the five dimensions — task resistance and embodiment — track what machines can do. The other three track law, what buyers will pay for, and who is answerable, and those move in both directions, often in response to the same pressure AI creates. If every lever below landed, this occupation would score around 39/100 — EXPOSED.
Task-mix shift inside maintenance work: if greenfield spec-to-code is fully absorbed, what remains is undocumented legacy systems (COBOL/mainframe batch, vendor-abandoned embedded firmware) where no training corpus or reliable test harness exists and change requires reading production behavior. Watch for state and bank modernization programs that keep hiring maintainers instead of rewriting.
Safety-critical software regimes attaching named-individual sign-off to code artifacts: DO-178C avionics verification, IEC 62304 medical-device software, and the EU Cyber Resilience Act (in force 2024, main obligations from Dec 2027) requiring a declared responsible person for conformity of software components, plus emerging rules barring unreviewed generated code in certified builds. If an auditable human signature per module becomes standard rather than an org-level attestation, the implementation tier acquires a shield it currently lacks.
Environments where model use is contractually or legally prohibited: classified/IL5+ defense work, ITAR-controlled codebases, and client contracts with no-LLM clauses. If air-gapped code prohibitions persist rather than being solved by on-prem models, that slice of implementation work stays manual.
Absorption of code-review-of-machine-output as the formal accountable step — e.g. an internal control (SOX-style or SOC 2) naming the human reviewer of AI-generated changes as the accountable approver for production deploys. This converts the role from author to accountable verifier without changing the title.
The limit. No plausible route to a higher trust premium: buyers of implementation labor purchase working code, not human authorship, and nothing in the market signals willingness to pay a premium for hand-written logic. Embodiment is structurally fixed near zero. Even with the liability and legacy levers, the ceiling is roughly the low-to-mid 40s, and most of that value migrates to titles above this one (15-1252, 15-1299) rather than to this SOC code.
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ | 6,670 | $126,750 +26% |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 3,400 | $107,090 +7% |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 3,260 | $102,240 +2% |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV | 2,680 | $130,390 +30% |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA | 2,440 | $130,730 +30% |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 1,990 | — |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 1,770 | $101,420 +1% |
| Raleigh-Cary, NC | 1,770 | — |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 980 | $154,920 +54% |
| Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT | 1,150 | $141,920 +41% |
| Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR | 490 | $136,880 +36% |
We have no reported case of a named organisation automating this occupation. Not one deployment, not one announcement.
That is worth saying out loud next to a score of 24. The verdict above is about what the work exposes — what current AI could do to these tasks. It is not a claim that anyone has done it. For this occupation those two things have come apart completely: the capability argument is on this page, and the evidence column is empty.
Has AI actually changed your work? One tap, anonymous, and the running tally is public. Nothing else is asked of you.
Rather than check back: get the digest and we'll tell you what changed — or watch a single occupation from its own page.