COOKED
The core work — catching spelling, grammar, punctuation, and typographical errors, checking type against copy, marking corrections with standard proof marks — is the exact task class LLMs and integrated editorial tools already do at usable quality and near-zero marginal cost. What remains is thin: house-style enforcement across long manuscripts, legal/factual sensitivity reads, and being the named human who signs off before a print run or regulated filing goes out. Employment is already tiny (4,580) and shrinking as the function gets absorbed into editors' and production staff's workflows.
This fall is concentrated in 2020 and has not recovered since.
Median pay $40,630 → $51,120 +0.7% in real terms
This line is counted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics — the one figure on this page that isn't a judgement of ours. Headcount moves on demand, offshoring, demographics and the business cycle, and automation is one term among several, often not the loudest.
So a falling line is not evidence that AI did it, and a rising one is not evidence that it won't. Both happen in this register: some occupations resist automation and shrink anyway, others are highly automatable and keep growing. The marked year is 2020.
BLS projection, 2024–2034
-0.6%
Percentage only. The projection counts a different population from the 4,580 above — it includes self-employed workers, which for this occupation is most of them, so the two headcounts are not comparable.
Exposed, and shrinking
Both signals point the same way: the tasks are largely automatable and the BLS projects -0.6% by 2034. This is the case where the score and the forecast agree, and it is the one worth taking seriously.
Different clocks. The score is what current AI could do to this work today. The projection is how many of these jobs will exist in 2034. Everything between the two — how fast employers actually adopt, whether demand grows in the meantime — is why they can point opposite ways without either being wrong.
~1,900 openings a year on average, including replacing people who leave.
CheckerCopymanProoferCopyholderTypesetterCopy EditorCopy HolderCopy ReaderProofreaderCopy PreparerData ReviewerContent AnalystCopy CoordinatorNews Copy EditorTechnical WriterLegal ProofreaderFormat ProofreaderBraille ProofreaderContent CoordinatorDocument SpecialistEditorial AssistantClerical ProofreaderPublishing SpecialistData Examination Clerk
Holding it up: judgment & accountability . Weakest point: liability shield .
Core tasks are already automatable Reading galleys against manuscript for transposed letters, bad hyphenation, widow/orphan lines and misapplied proof marks is character-level pattern matching that spellcheck, PerfectIt and an LLM prompted with a style sheet now do in one pass, which is why the score sits at 3 rather than 7 — even the residual queries-to-author step is being drafted by the same tools.
Fully desk- and screen-based The only physical act left is handling a hard-copy galley or a blueline with a red pencil, and most shops moved to PDF markup in Acrobat or tracked changes years ago, so 1 rather than 0 reflects that a few print and packaging proofers still check press sheets under a light booth.
No licence, no signature requirement There is no state licence, no board, and no statute naming a proofreader — an uncaught error in a prospectus or a drug label lands on the editor, the production manager or the filing attorney, and your name appears nowhere on the sign-off that matters.
Meaningful discretion Deciding when a serial comma changes meaning, when to query the author versus silently fix, and when a factual slip is grave enough to stop the print run is real discretion, but it is exercised inside a style manual with an editor above you who can overrule any mark you make.
The verdict above describes this occupation as a whole. Almost nobody does the typical version of a job — tick what's actually in your week and see how your own mix sits.
Your task mix speaks to task resistance (3/20 here) — how much of the day's work current AI already does. That is the dimension the boxes above are about.
It cannot move the other three. Liability shield (0/20) is whether the law requires a licensed human to sign. Trust premium (5/20) is whether buyers specifically pay for a person. Judgment and accountability (9/20) is whether the role exists to own consequential calls. Those are facts about the occupation's standing, not about which tasks are in your week — a paralegal who does only trial exhibits still holds no licence. Together they are 14 of this occupation's 18 points (78%).
Embodiment (1/20) is also a property of the work rather than the worker, but we don't tag individual tasks as physical or not, so the picker can't tell you anything about it. That's a limit of this tool, not a claim.
Did we get the list right? Tell us what's missing — the tasks are written from the outside, and you're reading this from the inside.
No occupation passed every test: close enough to proofreaders and copy markers on skills and subject matter, at least 10 points more resistant, no big jump in training, no new licence, no pay cut, and not shrinking on its own. That happens for 223 of the 654 occupations here that aren't SAFE, and it is worth stating plainly rather than leaving the section off.
The usual reason is that exposure travels with the skill profile. The jobs most similar to yours tend to be exposed for the same reasons yours is, so the near neighbours don't clear the gap — and the ones that do are a different kind of work, not a transfer of what you already know. Read that as a limit of this method, not a verdict that you're stuck: it only compares whole occupations, and it cannot see specialisation, industry, or anything you'd bring that isn't in a federal skill survey.
Here is that claim on your own job rather than in the abstract. These are the three occupations closest to this one by skill and subject matter — the places the work would most naturally transfer — with what the register scores them:
That is the whole problem in three lines. The nearest work is not meaningfully safer, so there is no move here that trades a similar skill set for a better verdict. This is not us running out of ideas — it is what the neighbourhood looks like.
The moves above are yours to make. This is the other half: what would have to change in the world for the occupation itself to score higher. None of it is in any one person's gift, but it is where the floor actually comes from. Scores here are not a one-way ratchet. Only two of the five dimensions — task resistance and embodiment — track what machines can do. The other three track law, what buyers will pay for, and who is answerable, and those move in both directions, often in response to the same pressure AI creates. If every lever below landed, this occupation would score around 30/100, still COOKED.
Task-mix shift toward the residual judgment tier: with mechanical error-catching automated, the surviving proofreader work is AI-output verification — catching hallucinated citations, silently altered quotations, and 'corrections' that change legal meaning in pharma labeling, prospectuses, and ballot text. This tier is genuinely two-layered and the remaining headcount would be concentrated in it. Watch for job postings retitled 'AI output verifier' or 'editorial QA' in regulated publishing.
Formalization of the sign-off as an auditable control: publishers' errors-and-omissions insurers requiring documented human final-read before press for defamation-exposed or regulated content, making the proofreader the accountable owner of a go/no-go call rather than an advisory pass.
FDA labeling and packaging review (21 CFR 201) or SEC EDGAR filing practice adding an explicit named-human final-proof attestation for AI-assisted copy — analogous to the certified-proofreader step already used in some pharma artwork-approval workflows and in court reporting transcript certification. A named signatory on print-run release for drug labels or ballots is the only realistic route from 0.
Buyer-visible 'human-proofed' certification in literary and academic publishing, akin to the Authors Guild 'Human Authored' mark launched 2025 — but this would attach to authorship, not proofreading, and readers do not inspect proofing provenance. Only credible in tiny fine-press and legal-publishing niches.
The limit. Even with every lever, this stays low. The occupation's problem is not just capability but headcount: 4,580 workers and the function is being absorbed into editors' and production staff's jobs, so a sign-off requirement would likely be discharged by an editor or compliance officer rather than reviving a distinct proofreader role. Liability shields tend to land on the person who already has the license, and proofreaders have none.
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ | 970 | $59,740 +17% |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN | 260 | $51,970 +2% |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 170 | $57,840 +13% |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 130 | $54,900 +7% |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV | 120 | $55,360 +8% |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 110 | $66,620 +30% |
| Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO | 70 | $55,320 +8% |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 70 | $55,280 +8% |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 110 | $66,620 +30% |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ | 970 | $59,740 +17% |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 170 | $57,840 +13% |
We have no reported case of a named organisation automating this occupation. Not one deployment, not one announcement.
That is worth saying out loud next to a score of 18. The verdict above is about what the work exposes — what current AI could do to these tasks. It is not a claim that anyone has done it. For this occupation those two things have come apart completely: the capability argument is on this page, and the evidence column is empty.
Has AI actually changed your work? One tap, anonymous, and the running tally is public. Nothing else is asked of you.
Rather than check back: get the digest and we'll tell you what changed — or watch a single occupation from its own page.